Dar es Salaam - Tanzania
The Urban Pathways Implementation Tracker is tracking the Projects Progress
The Urban Pathways Implementation Tracker is tracking the Projects Progress
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City Profile: Dar es Salaam
Dar es Salaam, with a population of around 4.3 million (annual growth rate 5.6%), is the largest city in Tanzania. In 2017 Tanzania’s GDP per capita (PPP adjusted) amounted to $2,945. CO2 per capita in Tanzania was estimated at 0.221 metric tons in 2014 with the transport sector contributing 57% of the total CO2 emissions from fuel combustion. With renewable electricity output currently at 43 % of total electricity output, the country aim is to increase its share of renewable energy production through increasing use of hydro-power, solar and other renewable energy sources.
Due to rapid urban growth and growing individual motorisation, the transport system suffers from chronic congestion. This has led Dar es Salaam City Council to introduce a Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) scheme in 2016 (named DART). 140 fossil-fuelled buses are currently running, connecting the city centre with the Western suburbs (phase 1). The existing BRT stations and terminals are therefore important transport hubs. Further plans include new routes and the addition of 150 buses, which could be powered by CNG. The city however also considers other sustainable solutions including electric mobility solutions (e.g. e-Feeder to BRT, e-BRT-Busses, e-bike sharing).
Apart from the BRT, public transport predominantly depends on a large fleet of privately-owned minibusses (so-called dala dala), which are often not roadworthy and contribute to congestion and air pollution. In the medium to long term public authorities envisage to phase-out the minibusses on all major roads and replace them with BRT buses. In addition to these bus services, motorised two- and three-wheeler taxis (motor taxis) are very common since mid of the 2000s. They are being used by the population for shorter distances and they enable feeder-connectivity into DART and the paratransit-buses. In areas without process access to buses, motorcycle-taxis are the only publicly available mode of transportation and hence offer a de-facto public transport service filling a gap in the transport system. Despite these obvious benefits for peoples’ mobility, the two- and three-wheelers have contributed to increased pollution in the city.
Compared to 2-wheelers, 3-wheelers are more sustainable as they can carry three passengers plus the driver and provide easier access for disabled persons. Apart from increasing mobility, 3-wheeler-motor taxi provides much-needed employment opportunities. Till to-date, the market had already created an estimate of about 50,000 direct jobs. The growth has been fuelled by a large number of mainly small-scale investors who offer vehicles to drivers who cannot afford to own vehicle. Besides a minor share of independent owner-drivers, the two- and three-wheeler market, therefore, is dominated by drivers who rent a vehicle or have a hire-purchase-contract, where ownership of the vehicle is transferred from the initial owner/investor to the driver (typically) after 18 months. Recently, registered drivers’ associations have started copying these business models and provide vehicles for their members at better conditions.
Generally, the business models in the 3-wheeler-market have developed within the past 10-15 years and are well established. Hence, the current equilibrium between drivers, drivers’ associations and investors should be handled with care, as destroying these complex interrelations could decrease the acceptance and provoke resistance of those fearing to lose their source of income. Looking at the vehicles, the conventional 3-wheeler vehicle market is dominated by three manufacturers: the Indian brand TVS King, the Indian company Bajaj and the Italian company Piaggio.
Dar es Salaam, with a population of around 4.3 million (annual growth rate 5.6%), is the largest city in Tanzania. In 2017 Tanzania’s GDP per capita (PPP adjusted) amounted to $2,945. CO2 per capita in Tanzania was estimated at 0.221 metric tons in 2014 with the transport sector contributing 57% of the total CO2 emissions from fuel combustion. With renewable electricity output currently at 43 % of total electricity output, the country aim is to increase its share of renewable energy production through increasing use of hydro-power, solar and other renewable energy sources.
Due to rapid urban growth and growing individual motorisation, the transport system suffers from chronic congestion. This has led Dar es Salaam City Council to introduce a Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) scheme in 2016 (named DART). 140 fossil-fuelled buses are currently running, connecting the city centre with the Western suburbs (phase 1). The existing BRT stations and terminals are therefore important transport hubs. Further plans include new routes and the addition of 150 buses, which could be powered by CNG. The city however also considers other sustainable solutions including electric mobility solutions (e.g. e-Feeder to BRT, e-BRT-Busses, e-bike sharing).
Apart from the BRT, public transport predominantly depends on a large fleet of privately-owned minibusses (so-called dala dala), which are often not roadworthy and contribute to congestion and air pollution. In the medium to long term public authorities envisage to phase-out the minibusses on all major roads and replace them with BRT buses. In addition to these bus services, motorised two- and three-wheeler taxis (motor taxis) are very common since mid of the 2000s. They are being used by the population for shorter distances and they enable feeder-connectivity into DART and the paratransit-buses. In areas without process access to buses, motorcycle-taxis are the only publicly available mode of transportation and hence offer a de-facto public transport service filling a gap in the transport system. Despite these obvious benefits for peoples’ mobility, the two- and three-wheelers have contributed to increased pollution in the city.
Compared to 2-wheelers, 3-wheelers are more sustainable as they can carry three passengers plus the driver and provide easier access for disabled persons. Apart from increasing mobility, 3-wheeler-motor taxi provides much-needed employment opportunities. Till to-date, the market had already created an estimate of about 50,000 direct jobs. The growth has been fuelled by a large number of mainly small-scale investors who offer vehicles to drivers who cannot afford to own vehicle. Besides a minor share of independent owner-drivers, the two- and three-wheeler market, therefore, is dominated by drivers who rent a vehicle or have a hire-purchase-contract, where ownership of the vehicle is transferred from the initial owner/investor to the driver (typically) after 18 months. Recently, registered drivers’ associations have started copying these business models and provide vehicles for their members at better conditions.
Generally, the business models in the 3-wheeler-market have developed within the past 10-15 years and are well established. Hence, the current equilibrium between drivers, drivers’ associations and investors should be handled with care, as destroying these complex interrelations could decrease the acceptance and provoke resistance of those fearing to lose their source of income. Looking at the vehicles, the conventional 3-wheeler vehicle market is dominated by three manufacturers: the Indian brand TVS King, the Indian company Bajaj and the Italian company Piaggio.
Policy Environment Assessment
Summary
Electric vehicles: The government has indicated to prospectively support electrification as a means to achieve sustainable mobility and to accomplish its commitments with concerning the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and the New Urban Agenda (Habitat III). The national transport regulatory authority of Tanzania SUMATRA indicated to integrate electric vehicles in the upcoming revision of its road service regulations . As a first step, the Tanzania Bureau of
Standards (TBS) has revised its vehicle standards to permit the certification of electric three-wheelers and has confirmed supporting a piloting project in the short term by a temporary certification process . Tanzania’s scientific institutions also have a strong interest in electric mobility, amongst them institutions such as the National Institute of Transport (NIT), Tanzania’s National Transport Research Centre, and the Department of Electric Engineering at the University of Dar es Salaam (UDSM).
Energy regulations: Renewable energies are strongly promoted by public authorities and associations such as the Tanzania Renewable Energy Association (TAREA). To further increase the share of renewable energy, the energy regulatory authority EWURA recently revised regulations to support net metering, thereby supporting small-scale (solar) energy production. As a result, the national energy supplier TANESCO will implement a net metering programme shortly. Procedures to register energy selling or re-selling kiosks are in place and TANESCO has the mandate to process applications.
Electric vehicles: The government has indicated to prospectively support electrification as a means to achieve sustainable mobility and to accomplish its commitments with concerning the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and the New Urban Agenda (Habitat III). The national transport regulatory authority of Tanzania SUMATRA indicated to integrate electric vehicles in the upcoming revision of its road service regulations . As a first step, the Tanzania Bureau of
Standards (TBS) has revised its vehicle standards to permit the certification of electric three-wheelers and has confirmed supporting a piloting project in the short term by a temporary certification process . Tanzania’s scientific institutions also have a strong interest in electric mobility, amongst them institutions such as the National Institute of Transport (NIT), Tanzania’s National Transport Research Centre, and the Department of Electric Engineering at the University of Dar es Salaam (UDSM).
Energy regulations: Renewable energies are strongly promoted by public authorities and associations such as the Tanzania Renewable Energy Association (TAREA). To further increase the share of renewable energy, the energy regulatory authority EWURA recently revised regulations to support net metering, thereby supporting small-scale (solar) energy production. As a result, the national energy supplier TANESCO will implement a net metering programme shortly. Procedures to register energy selling or re-selling kiosks are in place and TANESCO has the mandate to process applications.
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Action Plans
It will make electric 3-wheelers appear on the streets of Dar es Salaam for the first time, showcasing the suitability and advantages of electric vehicles.
- It will be placed in 4-5 different locations in the city (central/down-town, commercial, residential and sub-urban) to test various types of locations and environments with respect to the usability of electric three-wheelers. This includes BRT stations and terminals that are served by 3-wheeler-taxis already and where e-mobility can easily adapt to the micro-local context and integrate into the existing system. The city centre will become accessible for electric 3-wheelers exclusively. - Infrastructure will be developed for a physical integration of BRT and electric 3-wheelers. This encompasses the demarcation of parking areas for the 3-wheelers at or next to the BRT stations, installation of (solar-powered) charging infrastructure at the parking areas, and safe walkways to connect BRT passenger platforms and the parking areas. - Development of business models for electric 3-wheelers, reflecting the current ownership structures of the 3-wheelers market and focus on the inclusion of drivers and other existing stakeholders to increase the acceptance. Business models should be affordable for the operators and the project will assure that rental costs are lower (or at least not higher) as compared to the current situation. - Evaluation of the battery type as well as the development of business models for the battery (ownership, battery swapping) with leasing/pay-per-use model, using existing telecom and power distribution boxes to accommodate vehicle charging, fleet bundling, and eco-routing. - Exploration of how-to increase the local added value in the vehicle assembling and knowledge about the maintenance. Collaboration with existing local vehicle assemblers and distributors is therefore envisaged. - Inclusion of the electric 3-wheelers in app-based on-demand mobility services (hailing, intermodal planning, payment, routing, pre-price prediction) including the provision of an open API for third-party developers to foster intermodal routing. - Usage of renewable energy sources. - The demonstration project will consider sustainable life-cycle-coverage from assembling the vehicles up to the disassembling and recycling of sorted-out vehicles and batteries. |
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