South Africa - Johannesburg
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The Urban Pathways Implementation Tracker is tracking the Projects Progress |
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Pilot City: Johannesburg
Status: finished JOHANNESBURG IS RANKED 13THIN THE WORLD OF GREENHOUSE GAS (GHG) EMITTERS. IT IS THE LARGEST CITY IN SOUTH AFRICA (SA), AND REGARDED AS THE FINANCIAL CAPITAL AND THE “GATE-WAY TO THE AFRICAN CONTINENT. Johannesburg is located in Gauteng province and is SA’s fastest growing city; it is also one of the few major cities in the world not located near or on a water source. Johannesburg is also host of 70% of SA’s businesses’ headquarters and many multinational corporations. Climate risks such as heat wave-related deaths; flood risks; water and energy demands; and disease vectors are becoming more prevalent. Johannesburg has developed an Energy and Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan: the Climate Change Strategic Framework (CCSF) with the objective to institutionalise and mainstream climate change action, systems strengthening and capacity and process development to mitigate and adaptation efforts. Energy and Climate Change Strategy & Action Plan detailing adaptation and mitigation goals, is summarised as follows: Reduce Greenhouse Gas(GHG) emissions: a 43% reduction by 2050; Minimise exposure to climate change, identifying risks and inform planning; Enhance resilience of communities by adapting infrastructure; Understand impact and define measures accordingly; and Incorporate climate change in all future actions and service delivery. Energy Johannesburg is a carbon intensive economy delivery 66.7% of total Greenhouse gas emissions from electricity – dependent on coal powered electricity generation. This also exemplifies the problem of South Africa’s carbon intensive electricity supply – the country relies almost entirely on coal for the generation of its electricity. Residential and commercial buildings within the city also rely solely on electricity for its heating and cooling systems. Electricity within the City is predominately provided City Power Johannesburg (Pty) Limited, and although a separate company, is fully owned by the City of Johannesburg.Energy consumption has increased in absolute terms mainly due to the increase in the city’s population. The lack of electricity in the city continues to be most prevalent in informal dwellings (households living on formal dwellings in backyard shacks) and informal settlements (households residing on un-proclaimed land zoned for development). The city also faces a critical challenge of aging infrastructure. Transport Johannesburg’s is an inland port, the largest in Africa and fifth largest in the world, which handles 30% of the country’s exports. The majority of Johannesburg’s transport emissions come from road transportation (82%) the majority of fuel use is estimated to be from private cars and minibus taxis within the City. Aviation accounts for 14% and rail 4%. Overall emissions from road transport were estimated to be 5.58 million tonnes of CO2-e. Of which 3.96 million tonnes were from petrol and 1.65 million tonnes from diesel. Johannesburg city council has developed an integrated transport plan (ITP), which aims to improve mobility and accessibility of its residents. The long-term aim is to provide public transport network that incorporates, on an integrated basis, all modes of transport, including public transport, private transport (freight and private cars) and non-motorised transport. Johannesburg has developed the Rea Vaya Bus Rapid Transport system and Metrobus. The City is investing in a transformation process at Metrobus to increase efficiencies and capabilities. It is replacing its current fleet with ‘green’ buses, as well as implementing a revised Metrobus operational plan and integrating it with other transport services. Waste management The City of Johannesburg collects over 1.8 million tons of garbage each year, with approximately 244,200 tons reflected in the form of illegal dumping, and 1,779 tons collected as litter from the streets. With an increasing population and a few primary sites, the city is running out of landfill space. An aggregate of 8 years’ of landfill space remains, but this varies considerably across the City’s regions.A total of 65 600 (4.1%) of households experienced backlogs below formal once weekly waste collection.The City’s green waste-management strategy is the reduction of waste going to landfills. Pikitup diverted 151000 tons of waste from landfill sites (49 000 tons of green waste, 62 000 tons of rubble and 39 000 tons of dry waste). The Bulk Commercial unit is responsible for the collection and disposal of Bulk (skips) and Dailies (putrescible) Waste from commercial customers. We have witnessed a slight uptick in total number of Bulk and Dailies. Pikitup is the City's fully owned official waste management service provider and is responsible for keeping the city clean and preserving an attractive and hygienic environment for residents and visitors. Pikitup is in the process of developing several landfill-gas-to-energy projects on the five landfills it manages (Robinson Deep in Turffontein, Marie Louise in Roodepoort, Goudkoppies in Devland, Linbro Park near Alexandra and Ennerdale in Lawley). The city of Johannesburg has ambitions to generate electricity from methane gas and carbon dioxide extracted from waste at the five mentioned land-fills. |
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Factsheets
Staus: In progress Relevant Factsheets Nairobi: Biomass - Improved cooking energy Biomass is any organic matter that may and can be used as an energy source - these include wood, crops, yard and animal waste products. Easily available in the natural environment, biomass has aided human civilisation as total primary energy (TPE) since humanity’s origins. Populations in rural areas, especially in developing countries, continue to rely on biomass for TPE – mostly for cooking and heating purposes. An estimated 2.7 billion people globally - 40% of the world’s population - depend on traditional biomass, such as fuel wood, charcoal or crop residues, for cooking, heating and other purposes. Worldwide, an estimated 1.06 billion people do not have access to electricity, and 3.04 billion people still rely on solid fuels and kerosene for cooking and heating (World Bank, 2017). Case Study: Kenya - Solar Cook Stoves |
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E-learning Programme
Status: In progress Learning resources on Mobility, Energy and Waste Management E-learning programme builds on the toolbox and factsheets and aims to provide a better understanding of possible actions, highlighting the experiences from the implementation of measures in other cities building on the wealth of knowledge of international experts. |
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Action Tracker
Status: In progress Gives an overview of the Projects progress The Urban Pathways Action Tracker provides an overview of the project’s activities in the cities and reflects on the various action areas. The main objective of this is to share learnings with other cities and identify opportunities for synergies with other projects and initiatives. |
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Capacity Building
Status: Work in progress
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City-to-City Partnerships
Status: In progress The partner cities will be supported by exchanging ideas with their peers in other cities who have developed successful urban mobility, energy and resource management solutions. This will focus on the story behind the success on governance, finance and regulatory issues.
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Regional Replication
Status: Pending Implementation is the main focus of the project. As result of the structured process of the project we will identify feasible urban energy, mobility and resources management options in our partner cities. We work closely with development bank partners and financing sources, such as the Green Climate Fund towards assessments of the feasibility of concrete implementation projects. |
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Policy Environment Assessment
Status: Finished During the 2009 UN Climate Change Conference in Copenhagen South Africa committed itself to reduce domestic greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by 34% in 2020 and 42% by 2025 below the business-as-usual (BAU) trajectory subject to the provision of adequate financial,technological and capacity-building support by developed countries (Woolard & Davis, 2015). According to SA’s Peak Plateau and Decline (PPD) pledge, it will peak its national emissions between 2020 and 2025, plateau for approximately a decade, and decline in absolute terms thereafter. South Africa’s NDCs target to limit GHG emissions including land use, land use change and forestry (LULUCF) to between 398 and 614 Mt CO2eq over the period 2025–2030 is equivalent to a 20–82% increase on 1990 levels excluding LULUCF. South Africa’s aspiration in the long-term is that total annual GHG emissions will be in the ran- ge of 212 to 428 MtCO2e by 2050, having declined in absolute terms from 2036 onwards. In response to itsidentification of mitigation targets South Africa developed a National Climate Change Response White paper (SA Department of Environmental Affairs, 2011). The Key elements of SA’s overall approach to mitigation include (SA Department of Environmental Affairs, 2011):
Identifying desired sectoral mitigation contribution: defining desired emission reduction outcomesfor each sector and sub-sector of the economy. • Defining Carbon Budgets for significant GHGemitting sectors and/or sub-set. • Implementing a requirement that companies and economic sectors or sub-sectors for whom desired emission reduction outcomes have been established to prepare and submit mitigation plans that set out how they intend to achieve the desired emission reduction outcomes. • Use different types of mitigation approaches, policies, measures and actions that optimise the mitigation outcomes as well as job creation and othersustainable development benefits. • Using the market: using a range of economic instruments to support the system of desired emissions reduction outcomes, including the appropriate pricing of carbon and economic incentives. • A national monitoring system of data collec- tion to provide detailed and accurate emission data to support the analysis of the impact of mitigation measures. Transport: South Africa’s transport subsector is the second-highest contributor to GHG emissions – emitting 61 Mt CO2 in 2013 (Posada, 2018), accounting for 13% of total emissions and for 453 924 Gg CO2eq over the period 2000 - 2010. In 2010, road transport was responsible for 91.2% of transport related GHG emissions (SA Department of Transport, 2017), 7.7% was from domestic civil aviation and 1.07% from rail- ways. Emissions in road transport increased because of motor vehicle sales that increased from 4.2% in 2000 to 15.7% in 2010 (Stats SA, 2011) – motor vehicles are closely associated with higher social status in South Africa. Without mitigation efforts the transport sector is projected to emit a total of 136 Gg CO2eq by year 2050 (SA Department of Transport, 2017). Motor gas con- tributed 64.9% towards the road transport fuel consumption in 2010, followed by gas/diesel oil (35%). Between the years 2000 and 2010 there was an increase in the percentage contribution of gas/diesel oil to the road transport consumption (8.2%), and a corresponding decline in the contribution from motor gasoline (SA Department of Transport, 2017). South Africa’s railway sector uses electricity as its main source of energy, with diesel being the only other energy source. GHG emissions from transport sub-sector activities have increased by 32.2% from 36 016 GgCO2eq in the year 2000 to 47 607 GgCO2eq in 2010 (SA Department of Transport, 2017). Energy: South Africa has embarked on energy and electricity planning actions to begin to transform the energy sector – moving away from its heavy dependence on fossil fuel. Some political hurdles have been present up until 2017, although a new administration has taken power since the beginning of 2018 – policy programmes are underdevelopment to begin to transform the energy sector moving towards renewable energy, increases in efficiency, and reduction inemissions intensity (SA Department of Environment, 2015). Moreover, SA has begun to rollout the Renewable Energy Independent Power Producer Procurement Programme (REI4P), approving some Renewable Energy Independent Power Producer projects and further projects are in consideration (Khumalo, 2018). The current administration also intends to also create a South African Green Fund, which would in- clude contributions from both domestic and international sources. SA has also been developing policy instruments, including a carbon tax, desired emission reduction outcomes (DEROs) for particular sectors, company-level carbon budgets, and regulatory stan-dards and controls for specific GHG pollutants andemitters (USAID, 2017). Waste management SA’s INDCs indicates that uncertainties exit in the reporting of emission in agriculture, forestry, and other land use (AFOLU). South Africa is also a water scare country burdened with a national infrastructure that was not developed to support its total populations (due to the legacy of apartheid and its history of inequality). In addition, investment in wastewater treatment works has not remained in-line with the growth in demand and use. SA has committed to developing a Waste management Flagship programme that will review and implement GHG mitigation potential of the waste management sector by investing in waste-to-energy, within the solid, semi-solid, and liquid-waste management sectors, especially the generation, capture, conversion and/or use of methane emissions. SA has enacted the Waste Act and National Waste Management Strategy which places a great emphasis on waste minimisation, reuse, recycling and recovery of waste. Yet, 90% of waste still ends up in local land-fills since remains and perception continues that it isa more expedient option. At the local municipal level challenges exit including skills development; lack of resources, i.e. capacity, funding, technologies; inadequate integrated waste management planning, waste data and better infrastructure development using advancements in technology (van Jaarsveldt, 2016). In addition, general societal awareness amongst the general public, consumers, and business owners, islacking regarding the benefits of waste managementand recycling. |
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Policy Recommendations
Status: Pending Policy measures at the local and national level can be critical to the transformation of urban energy, mobility and resource sectors, for example they regulate systems, provide technological standards, generate funding, impose taxes and set policy objectives. As part of the cooperation with the partner cities, Urban Pathways provides on-demand policy advice. |
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Project Development
Status: Work in Progress Open Streets in Cape Town In partnership with the city of Cape Town, Open streets day’s will close major streets for motorized transportation on specific days. The public is then encouraged to enjoy the car free streets where activities are hosted on the day – these include music, art, interactive workshops, dancing, yoga, chess and other sports and games. Open Streets is free and everyone is encouraged to participate and help plan the day – the organisation of this activity is usually done in broad consultation with local businesses, civil organisation in the area, and the whole community. The city of Cape Town’s transport and Urban Development Authority (TDA, 2018) provides the administrative support and governance framework for this action – financial support is gained via sponsorship and donations. |
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Implementation Facility
Status: Work in progress The Implementation Facility coordinates the delivery of the project and creates synergies with other initiatives working in the Urban Pathways areas and regions. The facility focuses on knowledge exchange, co-creation and collaboration with partner projects working in the Urban Pathways cities. |
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Bankable Projects
Status: Pending Urban Pathways develops scalable pilot projects in cooperation with the partner cities at a neighbourhood level with an aim to provide a proof of concept of urban energy, mobility and waste management solutions. Based on the pilot project demonstrators, larger-scale projects will be developed to utilise the CO2mitigation potential of an integrated urban energy, mobility and resource management approach and seize the opportunities for contributions the Sustainable Development Goals. This will be done in close cooperation with finance partners and will be geared towards the Green Climate Fund, the Global Environment Facility and similar sources of funding and financing. |
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Implementation Support
Status: Pending The Urban Pathways team actively support partner cities in the implementation of urban energy, mobility and waste management solutions. This support includes activities jointly initiated under this project and other relevant actions currently on-going in the partner cities. |
